The Sinking Global Coastal Regions – The Ultimate Impression of Climate Change

“The time for seeking global solutions is running out. We can find suitable solutions only if we act together and in agreement.” – Pope Francis

Earth is made up of different geographical regions. Global coastal regions are now going to vanish from each country. The main reason is the rising in the mean sea level. This decade is experiencing the highest rise in sea level. But, why mean sea level is rising? How we are involved in sinking our coastal region? How we can prevent it?

World Geographical Zones

The area of the Earth’s five major latitudinal regions comprises of geographical regions, separated by large latitude rings. The differences between the two are climate-related. The details are as follows:

The North Frigid Area, between 90°N of the North Pole and 66°33’N of the Arctic Circle, occupies 4.12% of the Earth’s atmosphere.

Between the Arctic Circle at 66°33’N and the Tropic of Cancer at 23°27’N, the North Temperate Region occupies 25.99% of the Earth’s surface area.

Between the Tropic of Cancer at 23°27’N and the Tropic of Capricorn at 23°27’S, the Torrid zone covers 39,78 per cent of the Earth’s surface.

The Southern Temperate Zone, between the Capricorn Tropic at 23°27’S and the Antarctic Circle at 66°33’S, occupies 25.99 per cent of the Earth’s surface.

From the Antarctic Circle at 66°33’S and the South Pole at 90°S, the Southern Frigid Zone covers 4.12 percent of the Earth’s surface.

The globe is divided into three broad heat zones, based on the latitudinal dimension.

Torrid Zone

Tropics are also known as Torrid. The area is surrounded by north Cancer Tropics and south Capricorn Tropics. These latitudes mark the northern and southern ends where the weather of the sun passes straight over the upper part. It happens annually but the sun passes overhead twice a year between the regions.

Temperate Zone

The sun is never directly overhead in two temperate regions, consisting of adjacent latitudes, and the Climate is mild, usually between warm and cold. For those regions, there are four annual seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Europe, North Africa, and North and Central America form the northern temperate region. Southern Australia, southern South America, and southern Africa are part of the South Temperate Region.

Frigid Zone

As part of the year, the two pressure zones, or polar areas, undergo the midnight sun and the polar night one day at the bottom of the field is the winter solstice where the sun becomes invisible and the summer solstice.

The day at the center of the zone is one year, with a day of six months, and a night of six months.  Friction zones are the Earth’s coldest areas and usually covered by snow and ice.

It receives the slanting rays of the sun as the region lies most far from the equator.

In this region, the summer season lasts about 2 to 3 months and lasts about 24 hours of sunshine during the summer days. The rays of the sun are always oblique and give less heat.

World Coastal Regions

The most productive and vital habitats on our Planet are the coastal zones, the narrow transition zones that connect terrestrial and marine environments.  60% of the major cities in the world located in coastal regions and 40% of all people on the Planet live within 100 km of the coastal town.

The method of coastal classification provides a means to understand the relative contribution of these processes, and the mapping of activities using the classification delineates a spatial picture of how these processes differ in space.

Coastal environments are among the most complex of the oceans in the world. They are the transition zones that exist in physical as well as biochemical processes between open seas and terrestrial water fields with large and temporal space scales. Coastal areas can be biologically highly active, and host the largest fisheries in the world.

Coastal Regions of India

• Excluding the islands, India’s mainland coastline is 6,100 km long.
• Extends eastward from Kutch in Gujarat to the Gangetic Delta in the west.
• The Indian coast is divided into west and eastern coastal plains.
• India’s coastal regions are known for agriculture, commerce, industrial centers, tourist centers, fisheries, and salt-making.
• They also provide essential harbor hinterlands.

Western Coastal Plains

• Lies between the Arab and Western Ghats from Gujrat in the north to Kanyakumari in the south
• Eastern plains are narrower & wetter
• Divided into the coasts of Malabar, Kannada, Konkan, Kanyakumari, Kachchh and Kathiawad peninsulas

Eastern Coastal Plains

• Lies between East Ghats & Bay of Bengal from north Gangetic Delta to south Kanyakumari
• Known as Delta Territory, viz. Of Mahanadi, Kaveri & Godavari
• Wider but drier than western plains

Indian Islands

• Total 247 islands in India, around 204 in Bengal Bay and 43 in the Arab Sea
• The Gulf of Mannar also has few coral islands
• The Bay of Bengal islets of Andaman and Nicobar consist of strong volcanic rocks
• Middle Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands are India’s biggest islands
• Corals form the islands of Lakshadweep in the Arab Sea
• Nicobar Island, known as Indira Point, is the southernmost point of India.
• Formerly Indira point was named Pigmalion Point; it is now submerged, after the Tsunami in 2004.

Global and Indian Aspects of Rising Sea Level

Global Aspect

In the last two and a half decades, the global mean sea level has risen by about 8–9 inches (21–24 centimeters) since 1880, with about one-third rising.

The increasing water level is primarily due to the combination of melting water from glaciers and ice sheets and thermal expansion of seawater as it warms up.

Global mean sea level in 2018 was 3.2 inches (8.1 centimeters) above the 1993 average — the highest annual satellite average (1993-present) ever.

Indian Aspect

Over the past 50 years, sea levels along the Indian coast have risen by 8.5 cm, with an average increase of 1.7 mm per year.

However, the annual average sea-level rise along the Indian coast is nearly half as compared with global data at present. The latest report of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that global sea level is rising at a rate of 3.6 mm per year and is “accelerating.”

Long-term data collected at 10 Indian ports show the highest annual average rise (5.16 mm/year) reported at Diamond Harbor in West Bengal followed by Kandla (3.18 mm/year) in Gujarat, Haldia (2.89 mm/year) in West Bengal, Port Blair (2.2 mm/year) in Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Okha (1.5 mm/year) in Gujarat.

The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), India has been working on an Indian-specific climate change impact report, collecting all measurable data from various scientific institutions. Its data from satellite altimetry and model simulations show that the North Indian Ocean (NIO) exhibits decadal variability, with a much higher rise in sea level during 2003-13 at a rate of 6.1 mm/year.

Causes of Sea-Level Rise

Climate Change?

The Climate on Earth is already warming, and the frozen ground has begun to change. Scientists have found that in the Northern Hemisphere, there is now ten percent less frozen soil than in the early 20^th century. Ten percent is more than five million square kilometers (two million square miles), about two-thirds of the size of the United States continental.

If the atmosphere on Earth warms, the soil must warm up. Permafrost and frozen ground will gradually thaw and vanish around the Planet. The quantity and thickness of seasonally frozen soil would diminish. The active layer would become thicker, where the ground freezes and thaws each year. Seasonally frozen ground and permafrost in the northern hemisphere will not reach as far south as they do now.

All of these changes affect how plants grow and how the environment passes through the carbon and water cycles. It’s already affecting plants, animals, and people for more information on how climate change and frozen ground affect people.

Scientists believe Earth will keep getting warmer. Greenhouse gases continue to rise in the atmosphere. Climate scientists believe that, by the end of the 21^st century, soil temperatures could rise three to five degrees Celsius (five to nine degrees Fahrenheit).

If that were to happen, permafrost between 0 and -2.5°C (32° and 27.5° Fahrenheit) would thaw, affecting mostly warmer permafrost found in high mountains, the Tibetan Plateau, and Alaska’s interior. Eastern Siberian permafrost is more profound and colder, which means more would remain frozen.

Global Warming?

Global warming is an increase in the Earth’s average climate system temperature and established by direct temperature measurement and measurement of the various warming effects.

Global warming is the long-lasting heating of the Earth’s climate system, which was discovered during the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) as a result of human activities, predominantly burning fossil fuels, which affect the Earth’s air. Heat-trap increases greenhouse gas rates.

Climate change entails not only rising average temperatures but also extreme weather events, shifting populations and ecosystems of animals, rising oceans, and several other impacts. These changes are visible as humans continue to add heat-catching greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, changing the climate cycles on which all living things relied.

Glaciers are melting because of global warming, rising sea levels, declining cloud forests, and struggling to keep up with wildlife. It has become clear that by releasing the most heat-producing gases of the last century, man has produced heat as we give power to our modern life.

The “greenhouse effect” is the warming that occurs when certain gases in the trapped heat of the Earth’s atmosphere. Those gases are called greenhouse gases. These gasses, like the glass walls of a greenhouse, let in light but keep heat from escaping, hence the name. The greenhouse gas levels are now higher than they have been at any time in the last 800,000 years.

Sunlight shines on the surface of the Earth, where the energy is absorbed and then radiates back as heat to the atmosphere. Some of the heat is trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gas molecules, and the rest flees into space. The more concentrated greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the more heat in the molecules becomes locked in.

Scientists have been aware of the greenhouse effect since 1824 when Joseph Fourier calculated that if it had no atmosphere, the Earth would be much colder. The natural greenhouse effect is what makes the Climate of the Earth livable. Without it, the atmosphere of the Planet will be cooler to an average of around 60°F (33°C).

In 1895 the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius discovered that by making carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, people could improve the greenhouse effect. He kicked off 100 years of climate research that gave us an ingenious understanding of global warming.

Global Warming (GW) problem is more significant than initially thought. The release by human activities of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (NO₂) would do more than merely increase the global temperature.

The burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity is the primary source of heat-trapping emissions, generating about two billion tons of CO₂ per year. Coal-burning power plants are the largest polluters by far.

The curbing of dangerous climate change requires deep emission cuts, as well as the worldwide use of alternatives to fossil fuels. And scientists are continuing to discover new ways of modernizing power plants, generating cleaner energy, and burning less fuel while driving. The goal is to make sure that such ideas are put to use and implemented widely.

It will influence the carbon cycle in several ways. As found in the atmosphere, plants and soil store nearly three times the CO₂. Increased temperatures will increase the respiration of plants and hence increase the CO₂ emissions. Forests will die, permafrost will melt, and CO₂ and CH₄ releases will increase as a result. The oceans and plankton cannot consume just as much CO₂ as the temperature of the water rises. At present, concentrations of greenhouse gases would double by 2025.

Scientists are therefore calling for an immediate 60-80 percent reduction in CO₂ emissions and other greenhouse gases. It is up to the developed nations to address this issue as it was they who created it. Seventy-five percent of all CO₂ produced by humans comes from those countries. Also, they can help developing nations do the same. Twenty nations have already announced plans for stabilizing or reducing their GG emissions, but behaviors and lifestyles need to be modified.

Reasons for Global Warming

Global warming is caused mainly by an increased greenhouse effect, or the tendency of some atmospheric gases to allow sunlight to enter but not to depart. Though the Earth overall has natural periods of warmer and colder temperatures, global warming exacerbated by dense industry-produced gasses.

Human activity isn’t the only factor affecting the Climate on Earth. Volcanic eruptions and solar radiation variations from the sunspots, solar wind, and the location of the Earth relative to the sun also play a part.

For thousands of years now, greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere are balanced out by natural-absorbed greenhouse gases. As a result, concentrations and temperatures of greenhouse gas have been reasonably stable, enabling human civilization to develop within a predictable atmosphere.

Now, since the Industrial Revolution, human beings have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by more than a third. Over the decades, changes that have historically taken thousands of years now happen.

Scientists attribute current atmospheric warming to human activities that have increased the amount of carbon-containing gases in the upper atmosphere and increased the amounts of tiny particles in the lower atmosphere as regards the final position that global warming and climate change result from human activity (are “anthropogenic“).

In particular, gasses released primarily through the burning of fossil fuels and the tiny particles produced by incomplete burning trap the energy of the sun in the atmosphere. Scientists call these gasses “greenhouse gases” (GHGs) because they are working in our global greenhouse like the wrong way reflective glass.

How Global Warming Affect on the Arctic Region?

The cryosphere consists of the ice of the Earth – especially the Arctic, the Antarctic, and the glaciers of the world.

The climate around the world is shifting. Earlier in the Arctic, and with more immediate and severe effects, the impacts of climate change are being observed than in most of the world. The Arctic is warming at a rate nearly twice the global average, and declines in Arctic sea-ice and permafrost are becoming increasingly visible, as are weather changes.

The implications of a warming atmosphere are diverse, far-reaching, and accelerating on the physical, chemical, biological, and human components of Arctic ecosystems.

The warming has triggered a cascade of physical changes, ranging from direct effects such as the melting of sea-ice and sea-level rise to side effects such as reduced albedo (surface reflectivity) and coastal erosion to tertiary effects such as accelerated ocean warming due to feedback loops between various climate influences.

Beyond the ice’s omnipresent influence, the Arctic is also shaped by the extreme seasonal variation in the day time and cold temperatures. The lack of light and cold that persists for much of the year is associated with a sterile environment. In contrast, the constant sunlight and warmer summer temperatures stimulate a steady productivity pulse without which few, if any, marine mammals could evolve and thrive.

There is still a sharp contrast in the Arctic between winter and summer. Still, it is becoming less pronounced as Arctic warming reduces the seasonal duration of the ice cover and increases the growth period.

And since 2002, Antarctica has lost about 134 billion metric tons of ice per annum in an alarming sign of events to come. This trend could pick up if we keep burning fossil fuels at our current pace, some experts warn, causing sea levels to rise over the next 50 to 150 years by several meters.

How Global Warming Affects High Altitude Regions?

Global warming is taking place at an accelerated pace in many high-altitude regions around the world, and among the effects could be water shortages.

Globally, the team of researchers found that the rate of temperature change also accelerates as the altitude rises. Temperatures above 4,000 meters (13,120 feet) have warmed up 75 percent faster in the last 20 years than in altitudes below 2,000 meters (6,560 feet).

In tropical biomes, upper tree lines can reach above 4000 m and vascular plant species above 5000 m, with extreme outposts above 6000 m in the Himalayas; elevation limits of tree growth gradually fall to sea level at the margins of the Arctic.

Given their global distribution, high-mountain ecosystems and their biodiversity composition are considered to be sensitive indicators of the ecological impacts of global climate change — especially in regions where direct human impacts from traditional or modern land-use practices are low.

But the impacts of global change resulting from land abandonment, land use intensification, and changes in anthropogenic atmospheric deposition are also objects of concern when it comes to preservation or deterioration of the environment, and they can conflict with the impacts of climate change.

Many recent studies conclude that anthropogenic climate change will develop at high latitudes more rapidly than in other parts of the globe. In the Arctic climate will be markedly warmer; air temperature may rise by several degrees centigrade in the next few decades.

Polar Regions contain major environmental levels related to phase water shifts. Sustained warming across the freezing point will have discernible effects on the natural systems and phenomena that contain snow and ice, i.e., on the cryosphere.

Effects of Rising Sea-Level

The ocean temperatures on Earth are also getting warmer — meaning that tropical storms can pick up more steam. Thus global warming could transform, say, a storm from category three into a more severe storm from category 4.

Nevertheless, scientists have found that since the early 1980s, the frequency of hurricanes in the North Atlantic has risen, as well as the number of storms that cross categories 4 and 5. The frequency of tropical cyclogenesis at the Bay of Bengal is rising year after year, mainly due to the sea surface temperature. 

Such rising sea levels pose a significant threat to island nations and coastal regions, making it possible to flood and submerge such regions in the future at any moment.

In countries such as the United States, where nearly 40% of the population resides in coastal areas, it expected that flooding would cause adverse effects due to sea-level rise. Studies have suggested that the region’s level of destructive flooding is expected to increase from 300% to 900% relative to the frequency reported in fifty years ago.

The Indian Ocean island nation, the Maldives, had conducted the first underwater cabinet meeting in the world in 2009 to invite global attention to such a threat. The 350,000 inhabitants of this island nation are reportedly residing on 1,192 coral islands, which are located just 2.1 meters above sea level on average.

Also, due to global warming and the subsequent rising sea levels, there is a danger of extinction of several species of plants and animals that only need and survive in the cold Climate.

Animals such as the polar bear and penguins are primarily in need of coldness for their existence. They are the first to face the possibilities of a sure-shot extinction due to our continuous abuse of carbon dioxide and monoxide gaseous.

In addition to these, the rise in sea level would also affect beach life. The presence on the shores of more saltwater will disrupt the ecosystem, resulting in the disappearance of various plant types. Besides making it to the soil and plants, the wildlife at the beaches would also be hurt by the rapid changes in climate conditions.

And if these species face the threat of extinction, then people living in coastal areas and island nations are also faced with the threat of being drowned in the event of a deluge. Increasing sea levels may cause the water levels to rise and invade residential areas, causing the locals a lot of trouble.

And unlike other natural calamities where migration might solve problems, in the case of rising sea levels and predicted disruptions, migration to other parts of the world would be futile because, in one way or another, every type of land in the globe is bordered by.

Since around 71 percent of the Earth’s surface is water-covered, one of the biggest crises, humans and other earthly beings, would face drinking water contamination. Higher levels of the sea mean an increase in inland areas and contamination of sources of drinking water.

Similarly, river pollution would also affect irrigation and livestock, and eventually lead to a food crisis. And, the costs associated with desalination of seawater would make the crisis an unsustainable practice.

The threat posed to the tourism industry would be one of the immediate impacts of rising sea levels on the economy. The frequent flooding and beach destruction would be breaking the tourism industry’s backbone. Local authorities in North Carolina, USA, recently prohibited coastal officials from using increasing forecasts of sea-level rise to support the region’s economic interests.

Most of us are still worried about the extinction of tigers and vultures. Still, with the progress has led to an adverse effect on the environment, it has become clear that even our future survival has become questionable.

But, it remains controversial whether human innovations can save the Earth from an anticipated catastrophe. The result of such efforts is unpredictable, as there are more political and social factors playing roles in this.

We should all ensure that if we try to change, we can do away with the problem of global warming and rising sea levels. And since it’s a matter of necessity and wanting, it becomes imperative that we change and begin to respect and preserve our environment and ecology.

What is Waiting in the Future for Coastal Regions?

The rising sea level is an irreversible process. A climate central study reported that it is expecting the world’s 300 million people and 36 million people of India will be at risk of chronic flooding by 2050. The high tide line will threaten 200 million peoples by 2100.

How to Prevent Glacier Melting?

There is a lot of information about the carbon generated by every activity. To want to reuse and repurpose items as much as possible is one general mentality that helps with that. This cuts down on the carbon used to create and transport new products to their users.

Finally, tree planting is one of the best and most proactive climate-change solutions. Forests help sequester carbon from the Earth’s atmosphere and provide a global cooling effect. They’re a reasonably accessible solution, with broad humanitarian benefits.

Building walls on the seabed to stop the melting of glaciers, scientists say barriers could halt the slide of undersea glaciers and hold back the rise in sea level predicted to result from global warming.

Building walls on the seafloor may become the next frontier of climate science, as engineers are looking for novel ways to hold back the predicted rise in sea level from global warming.

By erecting rock and sand barriers, researchers believe they could stop the slide of undersea glaciers from disintegrating into the deep.

The systems would be targeted not only at holding back the melting glaciers but also at stopping warmer water from reaching the glaciers’ bases under the sea. Scientists are now conducting new work to demonstrate how the impact of warmer water around the world, as warm oceans, can be the leading cause of the glaciers’ underwater melt.

Glaciers melting at the poles under rising temperatures can release vast amounts of freshwater into the oceans, causing sea levels to rise faster than they have for thousands of years.

Many of these glaciers are spreading far beneath the sea, and scientists have begun to explore their subsea melting as well as the easier-to-measure reductions in the visible parts.

Building undersea walls could be accomplished by similar vessels but would need to be positioned precisely and strong enough to withstand the ice’s immense pressure.

Preventing Global Warming?

The greenhouse gases that trap heat are increasing, the global temperature is rising, the Planet is warming up, the glaciers are melting, and the sea level is rising.

This change in environment is impacting the wildlife and forests dramatically. Indeed, the greenhouse effect is causing global warming.

Some contributing factors include fossil-fuel burning, deforestation, livestock production, and industrialization. As a result, it results in drought, constant rainfall, hurricanes, extreme heatwaves, and other extreme weather.

With these adverse effects of global warming going on all over the world, we need to put in place ways to stop global warming and protect the Planet.

World Lockdown

The current pandemic throughout the world caused the world lockdown. It hampers the world economy and every sector of the world. But, this lockdown has a great impact on the environment. A lot of studies indicated that the global pollution rate decreased to a remarkable level. We all are now experiencing environmental changes due to the lockdown. In the future, the United Nations Security Council may initiate a one-day lockdown in a month. This step will reduce the extent of global warming without hampering the global economy.

Recycle More

The aim is to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide in the environment. If even half of the waste produced at home is recycled, you can save up to 2000 pounds of CO₂ a year.

Drive Less

Air pollution is one of the major factors leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Minimize automobile use and use public transportation. Whenever possible, try walking, biking, or carpooling. By raising driving hours, you’ll end up saving one pound of CO₂ per mile.

Plantation

Deforestation plays an essential part in climate change and global warming. It is helpful to plant trees because they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and regulate the Climate. Therefore, more trees need to be planted, because a single tree can absorb one ton of CO₂ in its lifetime

Switch to Renewable Energy

One of the most successful ways of preventing global warming is to continue using renewable sources of energy, such as solar, geothermal, wind, and biomass, and avoid using fossil fuels. Use renewable energy resources to power your household.

Use Energy-Efficient Apparatus

By investing in energy-efficient devices such as bulbs, LED lights, or a solar-powered shower system, energy consumption can reduced, and clean energy production helped. Not only is it the cheapest way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but it also reduces the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as well.

Use Less Hot Water

Did you know that if you turn to cold showers and stop using hot water to wash clothes, you can save 500 pounds of CO₂ per year? Try installing geysers that consume less energy.

Switch off Electronic Devices

Make sure your electronic devices, such as television, computer, stereo, music player, are turned off when not in use. This can help to save fuel that used to generate electricity that can reduce thousands of tons of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere in effect.

Awareness Spread

Speak with your friends, family, and colleagues about global warming, its effects, causes, and what steps we should take to prevent global warming. Use social media’s power to voice your concerns over climate change.

Water save

Make sure taps switched off when you are washing, go for shorter showers, and do not waste water by cleaning your cars or bikes.

In adopting these simple steps, we can all play a significant role in lowering carbon dioxide emissions and avoiding global warming, thereby protecting the Earth for decades to come.

“Adults keep saying we owe it to the young people, to give them hope, but I don’t want your hope. I don’t want you to be hopeful. I want you to panic. I want you to feel the fear I feel every day. I want you to act. I want you to act as you would in a crisis. I want you to act as if the house is on fire, because it is.” – Greta Thunberg

Conclusion

Time to stop the fighting between developed and developing countries on the agenda of greenhouse gas emission. The long debate will sink our long part of the country. The agreement should be at earliest so that the melting of Antarctica, melting of glaciers at high altitudes may reduce. The human-environmental interaction at the coastal regions should be well organized, better management for sustainable build-up, production, and utilization of coastal natural products. Save coastal regions, save our nations.

Source

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• Mimura N. (2013). Sea-level rise caused by climate change and its implications for society. Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences, 89(7), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.89.281
• Mimura, N. (2013). Sea-level rise caused by climate change and its implications for society. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 89(7), 281-301.
• Moore T. G. (2008). Global warming. The good, the bad, the ugly and the efficient. EMBO reports, 9 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), S41–S45. https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2008.53
• Neumann, B., Vafeidis, A. T., Zimmermann, J., & Nicholls, R. J. (2015). Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding–a global assessment. PloS one, 10(3), e0118571. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118571
• Pandve H. T. (2010). Climate change and coastal mega cities of India. Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 14(1), 22–23. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.64612
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About the Author

The author is Dr. Arup Giri, Associate Professor of Baba Mastnath University, Rohtak, Haryana, India. To know more about him, you may follow the links.

1. ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arup-Giri
2. LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-arup-giri-b5657391/
3. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/watercomilk/?ref=pages_you_manage
4. Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=hMvFttkAAAAJ&hl=en

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